Difference between pages "Human perception" and "NatureBridge at Golden Gate"

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{{Venue
 
|Address=1033 Fort Cronkhite, Sausalito, CA 94965
[http://psychlopedia.wikispaces.com/Social+Psychology Social psychology] and [[wikipedia:List of cognitive biases|cognitive biases]].
|URL=https://naturebridge.org/golden-gate/conference-facilities
 
|Phone=+1-415-332-5771
= Group Biases =
|Email=goldengate@naturebridge.org
 
}}
== Leadership ==
Retreat center on the beach in the Marin Headlands just north of San Francisco.
 
Narcissists tend to emerge as leaders of leaderless groups.<ref>Amy B. Brunell, William A. Gentry, W. Keith Campbell, Brian J. Hoffman, Karl W. Kuhnert, and Kenneth G. DeMarree. [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0146167208324101 "Leader Emergence: The Case of the Narcissistic Leader."] ''Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin'' (October 2, 2008)</ref> Initially, groups tend to perceive these narcissistic leaders positively, even when they are negatively impacting performance.<ref>Barbora Nevicka, Femke S. Ten Velden, Annebel H. B. De Hoogh, and Annelies E. M. Van Vianen. [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0956797611417259 "Reality at Odds With Perceptions: Narcissistic Leaders and Group Performance."] ''Psychological Science'' (September 19, 2011)</ref> However, these perceptions generally shift to match actual performance over time.<ref>Paulhus, D. L. (1998). [http://psycnet.apa.org/record/1998-01923-007 "Interpersonal and intrapsychic adaptiveness of trait self-enhancement: A mixed blessing?"] ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', 74(5), 1197-1208.</ref> This is similar to the [[wikipedia:Dunning–Kruger effect|Dunning-Kruger effect]], where people who are incompetent tend to overestimate their competence, and people who are highly competent tend to underestimate their competence.
 
== Tribalism, Social Identity, and the Psychology of Categorization ==
 
According to social identity theory (developed by [[wikipedia:Henri Tajfel|Henri Tajfel]]):
 
* Humans are cognitively prone to categorizing and biased into thinking that similarities within categories and differences between categories are stronger than they are.<ref>Henri Tajfel. "Cognitive aspects of prejudice." ''Journal of Social Issues'', 25, 79-97. 1969.</ref>
* We require [[wikipedia:Minimal group paradigm|very little]] (including completely arbitrary distinctions) to form tribes. For example, Tajfel was able to form competing tribes among teenage boys within minutes based on whether or not they preferred paintings by Klee or Kadinsky.
* We tend to identify with groups in order to maximize positive distinctiveness
 
When people are "on our side," we perceive them more warmly, and we take the time to get to know them as humans. When people cross boundaries to work together on shared goals, we also take the time to get to know them. We tend to dehumanize people who fall well outside our social boundaries. However, we are capable of re-humanizing them.<ref>Susan Fiske. [http://www.beinghuman.org/article/our-brains-teams "Our Brains on Teams: The Dark Side of Loyalty to a Group."] ''Being Human''. October 10, 2012.</ref>
 
= Strategy and Decision-Making Biases =
 
== Affective Errors ==
 
Tendency to make decisions based on what we wish is true.
 
Applies to folks we like, which can affect the quality of our judgement. Brooke Harrington's [http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/2014018-a-resurrection-for-investment-clubs/ research on investment clubs] showed clubs formed primarily through professional bonds — as opposed to social ones — earned higher returns. “One of the things that can torpedo group performance is when people are too socially enmeshed with one another. They can become reluctant to really be direct and honest with one another.”
 
== [[wikipedia:Attribution bias|Attribution Bias]] ==
 
When trying to make sense of the world, we are prone to overemphasizing certain things at the expense of others. For example, we are more likely to attribute behavior to disposition ("This is who they are") than to situation ("This is what was going on"). This is known as Fundamental Attribution Error.
 
Another example is [[wikipedia:False consensus effect|false consensus effect]], where we overestimate how widely our views are shared with others. This is a form of [https://psychlopedia.wikispaces.com/Representative+bias representativeness bias] (the presumption that people or events share the features of other members in that category). Said another way, it's [[The Majority Illusion]]. Another example is the [[wikipedia:Abilene paradox|Abilene Paradox]].
 
You can leverage this effect to get people's true opinions. If you ask someone what they think about something, they have an incentive to say what they think you want to hear. If, however, you ask them, "What do you think others think?", it's likely that you'll get a good picture of what they think, thanks to these attribution biases.
 
== [[wikipedia:Availability Heuristic|Availability Heuristic]] ==
 
If you can recall it, it must be important.
 
Bias towards information or actions you can more easily recall (such as recent news or things with major consequences).
 
== [[wikipedia:Confirmation bias|Confirmation Bias]] ==
 
Our tendency to interpret information in a way that [https://youarenotsosmart.com/2010/06/23/confirmation-bias/ confirms our preexisting beliefs].
 
One example of this is the [https://youarenotsosmart.com/2011/06/10/the-backfire-effect/ backfire effect], where people's strongly-held beliefs get even stronger when presented with evidence that contradicts those beliefs. This [http://theoatmeal.com/comics/believe comic] describes this effect beautifully.
 
== [[wikipedia:Curse of knowledge|Curse of Knowledge]] ==
 
We assume that others know as much as we do. This may result in:
 
* Lack of empathy
* Over-explaining. In ''Made to Stick'', Chip and Dan Heath suggest that the Curse of Knowledge is why we're so bad at storytelling.
 
== [[wikipedia:Hindsight bias|Hindsight Bias]] ==
 
Also known as the "knew-it-all-along" effect. Hindsight is 20/20.
 
== What You See Is All There Is (WYSIATI) ==
 
(Show pie graph as counter to this.)
 
Ed Batista's [http://www.edbatista.com/2016/12/seeing-whats-not-there-the-importance-of-missing-data.html "Seeing what's not there (The importance of missing data)."]
 
=== [[wikipedia:Survivorship bias|Survivorship Bias]] ===
 
Focusing on things that succeeded, while ignoring things that failed. Another corollary to "correlation ≠ causation."
 
Said another way:
 
[[File:XKCD Survivorship Bias.png|350px|link=https://xkcd.com/1827/]]
 
Be wary of extrapolating from positive deviance!
 
= Gender Bias =
 
== Perception of Dominance ==
 
* Melissa J. Williams, Tiedens, Larissa Z. Tiedens. [http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/bul/142/2/165/ "The subtle suspension of backlash: A meta-analysis of penalties for women’s implicit and explicit dominance behavior."] ''Psychological Bulletin'', Vol 142(2), Feb 2016, 165-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/bul0000039
 
= References =
<references />
 
= See Also =
 
* [[Human behavior]]

Latest revision as of 23:52, 14 September 2021

NatureBridge at Golden Gate
Address address::1033 Fort Cronkhite, Sausalito, CA 94965
URL url::https://naturebridge.org/golden-gate/conference-facilities
Phone phone::+1-415-332-5771
Email email::goldengate@naturebridge.org
Contact name contact name::

Retreat center on the beach in the Marin Headlands just north of San Francisco.